Essay about Synthesis of Benzilic Acid - 1107 Words

Synthesis of benzilic acid from benzoin utilizing a multi-step reaction. Names: Arian Karim TA Name: Sayantan Das Lab Day amp; Time: Thursday 7:30-11:40 Lab Section #: Abstract The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize benzilic acid from benzoin. This requires a multistep synthesis with benzyl as an intermediate product. The first step required HNO3 as an oxidizing agent and the second step required KOH and HCl. The percentage yields of benzil and benzilic acid were 59.5% and 21.9% respectively. The calculated melting point of benzil was 90.1-91.6 which suggested some impurities, but the MP of benzilic acid was 149.3-151.5 which suggested a pure yield. The IR further confirmed the identity of benzylic acid with two†¦show more content†¦The solution was then allowed to crystallize and the solid benzilic acid was dried, weighed, and used to obtain melting point and IR spectra. Results and Calculations: Figure 3: Part A Results | Mass of Reactant (g) | Theoretical Yield (g) | Mass of Crude Product (g) | Mass of Final Product (g) | % Yield | Theoretical Boiling Point (C) | Experimental Boiling Point (C) | 0.30 | 0.294 | 0.318 | 0.175 | 59.9 | 95 | 90.1-91.6 | Figure 4: Part B Results | Mass of Reactant (g) | Theoretical Yield (g) | Mass of Product (g) | % Yield | Theoretical Boiling Point (C) | Experimental Boiling Point (C) | 0.100 | 0.114 | 0.025 | 21.9 | 150 | 149.3-151.5 | Figure 5: Calculations | Part A: Benzoin to Benzil | | | | initial mass of benzoin | 0.30 g | | | MW of benzoin | 212.24 g/mol | | | | | | mol benzoin | = | mass / MW | | | = | .30 / 212.24 | | | = | 0.0014 | mol | | | | | MW benzil | = | 210.23 g/mol | | mass benzil | = | mol benzoin x MW benzil | | = | .0014 x 210.23 | | theoretical yield | = | 0.294 | g | | | | | actual yield benzil | = | 0.175 | g | % yield | = | actual/thr x 100% | | | = | .175 / .294 x 100% | | | = | 59.5 | % | | | | | Part B: Benzil to Bezilic Acid | | | initial mass of benzil | 0.10 g | | | MW of benzil | 210.23 g/mol | | | | | | mol benzil | = | mass / MW |Show MoreRelatedMultistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid2109 Words   |  9 PagesMulti -Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, then acidification, to produce an alpha-hydroxyacid. In this experiment, benzoin was used and converted into benzil, which was then used to synthesize benzillic acid. The yields were not ideal: .081g of benzil-Read MoreEssay on Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid2070 Words   |  9 Pagesobjective of the experiment was to prepare Benzilic acid by multistep synthesis starting with benzaldehyde. In this setup however, product of the first step, Benzoin, is provided thereby omitting the first step involving the conversion of benzaldehyde. For this experiment, the microscale techniques of reflux, crystallization, and melting-point determination were used. Utilizing these techniques a product yield of 93% for benzil and 57% for Benzilic acid was obtained, as well as a melting point rangeRead MoreMultistep Lab1416 Words   |  6 Pagesto Produce Benzilic Acid Abstract The objective of the lab was to produce benzilic acid from benzoin. Benzoin was successfully oxidized with nitric acid to form benzil. The percent yield of benzil was 59.26% and the melting point range was 94.1-95.5 °C. The literature melting point of pure benzil is 95 °C, which indicates the correct product was obtained. Benzil was then rearranged using potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid. The percent yield of benzilic acid was 57.94%

Free Will And Determinism Can Go Together - 1447 Words

Free will is one of the great debates among humans. What is it and do we even have it are two common questions. Freedom is not always easy to define but there is one compelling version of free will. I believe that humans are not truly free, they have free will but much of their lives are determined by other external causes because of the dual nature of decisions. First I will argue what the theory of compatibilist is and why it is the most reasonable. Then I will look at the moral responsibility someone has with this view and its opposing argument. To be a soft determinist or a compatibilist, there are certain conditions that must be followed. One is the belief in the free will, another is the belief in determinism-or that actions and thoughts have causes, and the final is that both free will and determinism can go together. (Hume 113-114). This view still allows for people to be morally responsible for their actions while suggesting that it is possible that there where underl ying means to the thought of that action. This theory on free will is believable because it allows for both internal and external factors to influence decisions. This shows that all choices have both a mental component and a physical component. The internal or mental component is how a person believes that he can directly influence or change a situation. The physical or external component is how the outside environment or previous decisions create the choice that a person has to make.Show MoreRelatedDeterminism In Oedipus1163 Words   |  5 Pagesnot knowing their real relationship. Thus, he fulfilled the prophecy. Although the story of Oedipus is an extreme example, the book, Introducing Philosophy says, â€Å"The story of Oedipus†¦is perhaps the most stirring picture of Greek determinism† (Solomon 431). Determinism is â€Å"a theory or doctrine that acts of the will, occurrences in nature, or social or psychological phenomena are causally determined by preceding events or natural laws† (Merriam-webster.com). That means every action we do or idea thatRead MoreFree Will and Libertanianism View1101 Words   |  4 PagesWhether or not humans have free will is a very popular question. This is because everyone wants to know if the decisions they make are truly theirs or if their decisions matter at all. If everything is predetermined then what you choose wouldn’t matter because it would be bound to happen regardless of if you chose it or not. Without free will many people believe that life would have less meaning to it. With free will comes power and importance. Having th e ability to choose what will happen givesRead MoreFree Will Compatible With Determinism Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Hay Phil. 190 11 December, 2015 Free Will Compatible With Determinism Free will – a concept that always brings forth the question, â€Å"Does free will exist?† There are various arguments that come from both sides of the discussion, those in favor of free will based on religious text, and those that can argue that free will is a concept and ideal created to give humans the illusion that they have the ability to choose what they can do in life.The question is, do we really have theRead MorePersonal Journal: Philosophy Class1273 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween free will and determinism. The question is Do you believe we live in a free will world or has everything been planned out and is determined to happen no matter what? Free will is the â€Å"idea that you could have acted in a different way the idea that alternative actions are possible for you the idea that you did not have to do what you did the idea that you have a choice about what you do the idea that you are responsible for your actions† Many people think they are free because they can makeRead MoreFree Will Essay example1168 Words   |  5 PagesFree Will I want to argue that there is indeed free will. In order to defend the position that free will means that human beings can cause some of what they do on their own; in other words, what they do is not explainable solely by references to factors that have influenced them. My thesis then, is that human beings are able to cause their own actions and they are therefore responsible for what they do. In a basic sense we are all original actors capable of making moves in the world. WeRead MoreDiscussion on the Determination of Self Essay777 Words   |  4 Pages However it is hard to believe that we have no free choices when presented with a decision to be made, surely if we were unable to make choices concerning the direction and outcome of his own life, is a slave. However many philosophers and thinkers have pondered this over the years, and some believe that when we believe we are presented with choices we are being deceived, and as B.F Skinner said, ‘human beings.. are not free, because all men are really puppets or robots. Read MoreThe Complexity of Life and Death in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead678 Words   |  3 Pagesevents that lead to it. It also depicts the theory of determinism vs. free will. These are very similar to the themes seen in Hamlet. There is a complementary structure between Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead and Hamlet in the sense that, they are written in different time periods and show different understanding on the subject at hand. In 1602, the time when Hamlet was written, people believed in church and that dead would go to heaven or hell based on their deeds , but RosencrantzRead MoreParadise Lost Themes1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthis more prevalent than in Milton’s treatment of the philosophic issue of free will and its opposing determinism, from which springs the fall of man and the fall of the rebel angles, as well as the creative and destructive urges of both humanity and demons. The Miltonian demons are odd creatures: powerful and fierce; although, they are ostensibly subject to fate and a life deeply steeped in a philosophy of hard determinism, believing that they are powerless. These demons seem to constantly be remindingRead MoreFreedom Is an Illusion1504 Words   |  7 Pagesmore serious choices such as whether to abort an unwanted baby. Actions and decisions can be prevented or changed by circumstances beyond the control of the person, but by this point it is generally the case that a decision or choice has already been made by the person concerning the course of action that they were going to take. Determinists would argue a different perspective. Determinism is the belief that free will does not exist and that choices and decisions are made externally to us, by controllingRead MoreProgrammed To Be Free: Exploring Andrew Niccols Gatacca Essays1235 Words   |  5 PagesProgrammed To Be Free Gatacca by Andrew Niccol tells the story of Vincent, a young man naturally and traditionally engendered in a world where genetic engineering is the followed pattern to have a child. Few minutes after his birth, Vincent’s fate is revealed through a DNA analysis. Two important facts in the analysis will mark Vincent’s life, a fail in his cardio system and his life expectancy, only thirty years. The film shows a world where life is highly determined by genetics, and happiness

Information Free Essays

The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data, which is the plural of datum are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. We will write a custom essay sample on Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now Raw data refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols that are unprocessed. The data being collected by Freeway Ford pertaining to the dates when cars were purchased and the names of the owners are just numbers and characters, and as my definition of Information below will show, the inability of Freeway Ford to translate this data into anything meaningful renders it short of being described as information. Information, on the other hand, is raw data that (1) has been verified to be accurate and timely, (2) is specific and organized for a purpose, (3) is presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and which (4) leads to increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty. The value of information lies solely in its ability to affect a behavior, decision, or outcome. A piece of information is considered valueless if, after receiving it, things remain unchanged. In the case of Freeway Ford, if the company had been contacting customers about routine maintenance with the data it had collected about the purchase dates of cars and the names of their owners, and if the company had further followed up three to four years later, when car owners are generally known to be ready to trade in their cars to try and get them to do trade-ins with Freeway Ford, the data they had collected would have translated into something useful, something that could change the way business was being done, and would have information. How to cite Information, Essay examples